It is estimated that close to 70 per cent of the population will experience shoulder pain at some point in their lives.
In itself, this pain would not pose a problem if it disappeared as quickly as it appeared. Unfortunately, it tends to persist over time. In half of patients, the pain persists or reoccurs one year after its initial appearance. It can even persist for several years in some cases.
Approximately 70 per cent of shoulder pain episodes requiring consultation with a health-care provider can be identified as rotator cuff related shoulder pain. This refers to pain and loss of function in the shoulder, mainly during movements requiring the arm to be lifted. Although a number of effective options are available to patients, a third of them will not experience any significant improvement in their condition, regardless of the interventions used.
There are several possible reasons for this limited success. Exercise selection and some psychological and contextual characteristics specific to each individual have been identified as potential hypotheses.
As experts in the field of shoulder pain, we propose to shed light on the effectiveness of various interventions for the management of shoulder pain, and the role that some variables may play in the resolution of this pain.
Table of Contents
Some important questions
Our research team therefore set out to find out:
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Whether one type of exercise should be prioritized over another in the management of shoulder pain.
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Whether the addition of exercises (the pet peeve of many people who consult a rehabilitation provider) lead to additional benefits compared with an intervention comprising only of education and advice to foster pain self-management.
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Whether some psychological and contextual characteristics, such as participants’ expectations of the intervention effectiveness and pain self-efficacy, are associated with a better prognosis.
Pain self-efficacy is the level of confidence someone has in their ability to carry out their activities and achieve their goals despite pain.
How did we go about answering those questions?
In our new study published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, 123 people with shoulder pain lasting for more than three months were randomly assigned to one of three 12-week interventions:
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Education
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Education combined with motor control exercises
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Education combined with strengthening exercises
Questionnaires were used to monitor changes in participants’ condition over time, particularly in terms of their pain and functional capacity.
Before the start of the intervention, we also used questionnaires to measure participants’ expectations of the effectiveness of the intervention they were about to receive, as well as their level of pain self-efficacy.
The content of each group
Education
Participants in this group received two sessions of education and advice with a physiotherapist. The information was about the shoulder and pain, and the advice included strategies for the self-management of their condition.
Participants were also told about the importance of being active and adopting a healthy lifestyle to optimize the management of persistent pain, including proper diet, hydration, stress management and sleep hygiene.
Finally, participants were asked to watch six short videos on these themes.
After viewing, they were asked to identify the aspects they felt were important and those that raised questions in order to discuss them with the physiotherapist.
Education combined with motor control exercises
As well as receiving this education, the participants in this group completed a 12-week exercise program.
The exercises included modifications in the way they performed their movements to enable them to move their arm with less pain. These modifications were integrated with exercises reproducing gestures involving the shoulder during daily activities.
Education combined with strengthening exercises
Again, participants in this group received the same education component.
They also received a shoulder muscle strengthening program to be performed daily for 12 weeks.
The results of our study
At the end of the study, participants in all three groups showed improvements in pain and function. However, the addition of exercises (motor control or strengthening) to the education intervention did not lead to additional benefits.
People recruited into the study whose symptoms were considered resolved following the 12-week intervention had more positive expectations regarding the effectiveness of their intervention and had higher levels of pain self-efficacy.
Key messages
Adding strengthening or motor control exercises to an educational intervention did not result in additional benefits compared to an approach based solely on education and advice. For some people with persistent shoulder pain, education and advice focusing on pain self-management may be sufficient to promote symptom resolution.
Exercise, in any form, remains a highly relevant intervention for shoulder pain management, as well as for maintaining independence and optimizing long-term health.
Participants’ pain self-efficacy and expectations of the effectiveness of the intervention they receive may play a role in the prognosis of their shoulder pain.
But above all…
When you’re experiencing shoulder pain, it can be beneficial to temporarily reduce certain activities that can aggravate your pain. However, it’s important not to delay gradually reintegrating these activities into your daily routine.
The presence of pain, especially when it persists over time, is not necessarily a sign that your condition is deteriorating. It could simply indicate that the gestures or activities performed exceed the shoulder’s current ability to tolerate the load imposed on it.
In any case, don’t hesitate to consult a health professional, such as a physiotherapist, who will be able to help you “shoulder” the responsibility of managing your condition.
Marc-Olivier Dubé is a member of the Ordre Professionnel de la Physiothérapie du Québec (OPPQ). He is the recipient of a postdoctoral fellowship from the Fonds de recherche du Québec – Santé (FRQS).
Jean-Sébastien Roy received funding from Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Fonds de recherche du Québec – Santé (FRQS), Arthritis Society Canada and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
François Desmeules ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.
